lunes, 7 de septiembre de 2015
ECOLOGICAL CAR
An electric vehicle is a vehicle powered by one or more electric motors. The traction can be provided by wheels or propellers driven by rotary motors, or in other cases not use other rotary engines, such as linear motors, inertial engines or applications of magnetism as a power source, such as the maglev trains.
POLLUTION AND ELECTRICITY
Pollution and electricity
In 2009, the transport sector was blamed 39 percent of final energy consumption in Spain, with an energy intensity by more than 40 percent of the European average (EU-27). The transport sector remains heavily dependent on petroleum products (98 percent). In the case of road transport, it represents more than a quarter of total CO2 emissions by 25.4 per cent -the Spain, accounting for around 80 percent of energy consumption in the transport sector and 90 percent of its CO2 emissions.
From an environmental perspective, there is no doubt the effectiveness of electric vehicles, both to reduce the emission of greenhouse gases and to reducing both local air pollution and atmospheric sonora.2
Contamination of any vehicle (electric or not) should be accounted for by adding the direct emissions, which are emissions produced by the engine of the vehicle itself, and indirect emissions, which are emissions produced in systems outside the vehicle but fundamental to this by providing the energy required for operation. Although an electric vehicle produces no emissions during operation, the generation of electrical energy required to move the electric vehicle emissions results and the consumption of non-renewable resources to a greater or lesser extent, depending on how the electricity has been generated , as was seen above. A particular case is that of vehicles using renewable electricity as a source of primary energy (this is the case recharged by solar electricity, vehicles also known as a solar-charged vehicle). Also, during the generation, transmission and transformation of electricity of the energy it is lost, so the useful energy is below the primary energy, as seen before. The same applies to oil, in addition to transport costs due to the geographical difference of places of production and consumption, we need to transform refineries in different petroleum products, including fuels.
In 2009, the transport sector was blamed 39 percent of final energy consumption in Spain, with an energy intensity by more than 40 percent of the European average (EU-27). The transport sector remains heavily dependent on petroleum products (98 percent). In the case of road transport, it represents more than a quarter of total CO2 emissions by 25.4 per cent -the Spain, accounting for around 80 percent of energy consumption in the transport sector and 90 percent of its CO2 emissions.
From an environmental perspective, there is no doubt the effectiveness of electric vehicles, both to reduce the emission of greenhouse gases and to reducing both local air pollution and atmospheric sonora.2
Contamination of any vehicle (electric or not) should be accounted for by adding the direct emissions, which are emissions produced by the engine of the vehicle itself, and indirect emissions, which are emissions produced in systems outside the vehicle but fundamental to this by providing the energy required for operation. Although an electric vehicle produces no emissions during operation, the generation of electrical energy required to move the electric vehicle emissions results and the consumption of non-renewable resources to a greater or lesser extent, depending on how the electricity has been generated , as was seen above. A particular case is that of vehicles using renewable electricity as a source of primary energy (this is the case recharged by solar electricity, vehicles also known as a solar-charged vehicle). Also, during the generation, transmission and transformation of electricity of the energy it is lost, so the useful energy is below the primary energy, as seen before. The same applies to oil, in addition to transport costs due to the geographical difference of places of production and consumption, we need to transform refineries in different petroleum products, including fuels.
ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES
Advantages and problems
Disadvantages and problems
Battery charging and price. Batteries of more than 400 km of autonomy are very expensive and are recharged in about 9 hours without reducing capacity. To avoid this problem would require changing downloaded by other immediately charged batteries, so that when refueling at a service station from entering the vehicle without power and nearly out of there totally or partially loaded a few minutes later. For this battery should fit snugly so they can be moved quickly and that this could be done both as fractional totally.
Some continue to pollute, because in some cases the electricity used to recharge the batteries is produced by polluting raw materials such as coal. In Spain, for example, the electricity used for batteries involves emissions of carbon dioxide 0.276 kg / KWeh generated.
Less autonomy than a conventional car because you need frequent recharging.
The strong initial purchase cost. In some cases the price of an electric car is three times that of a conventional car. Example: A Toyota Corolla, Toyota high-end, can cost around 17,000 euros with the basics, an electric vehicle like the THINK City at the market reaches 30,114 euros. This could be solved if manufacturers decide as it has already checked with hybrid vehicles that they tend to drop in price and gain market share quickly.
Advantages
Do not produce air pollution.
They do not produce noise pollution.
Its use eliminates the need for fuel oil and thus saves a limited raw material and can be devoted to other matters also needed.
Maintenance and cost of "fuel" is much lower than a conventional one. The Tesla Model S, for example, spends $ 700 of electricity per year; Porsche Panamera Turbo fuel spends $ 3,400 a year.
Greater efficiency and torque from 0 rpm and the total absence of gears, which results in better throttle response.
In sports, the use of distributed power to the wheels and engine torque control each provides greater cornering stability, and hence safety.
According Laverón Francisco, Miguel Angel Munoz and Gonzalo Sáenz de Miera, two economists and an engineer from the company Iberdrola, a car gets an efficiency of 77% if the electricity comes from renewable sources, while 42% of electric power if appropriate based in natural gas. Furthermore, these authors argue that an electric car can travel nearly double the kilometers that one of gasolina.1
Disadvantages and problems
Battery charging and price. Batteries of more than 400 km of autonomy are very expensive and are recharged in about 9 hours without reducing capacity. To avoid this problem would require changing downloaded by other immediately charged batteries, so that when refueling at a service station from entering the vehicle without power and nearly out of there totally or partially loaded a few minutes later. For this battery should fit snugly so they can be moved quickly and that this could be done both as fractional totally.
Some continue to pollute, because in some cases the electricity used to recharge the batteries is produced by polluting raw materials such as coal. In Spain, for example, the electricity used for batteries involves emissions of carbon dioxide 0.276 kg / KWeh generated.
Less autonomy than a conventional car because you need frequent recharging.
The strong initial purchase cost. In some cases the price of an electric car is three times that of a conventional car. Example: A Toyota Corolla, Toyota high-end, can cost around 17,000 euros with the basics, an electric vehicle like the THINK City at the market reaches 30,114 euros. This could be solved if manufacturers decide as it has already checked with hybrid vehicles that they tend to drop in price and gain market share quickly.
Advantages
Do not produce air pollution.
They do not produce noise pollution.
Its use eliminates the need for fuel oil and thus saves a limited raw material and can be devoted to other matters also needed.
Maintenance and cost of "fuel" is much lower than a conventional one. The Tesla Model S, for example, spends $ 700 of electricity per year; Porsche Panamera Turbo fuel spends $ 3,400 a year.
Greater efficiency and torque from 0 rpm and the total absence of gears, which results in better throttle response.
In sports, the use of distributed power to the wheels and engine torque control each provides greater cornering stability, and hence safety.
According Laverón Francisco, Miguel Angel Munoz and Gonzalo Sáenz de Miera, two economists and an engineer from the company Iberdrola, a car gets an efficiency of 77% if the electricity comes from renewable sources, while 42% of electric power if appropriate based in natural gas. Furthermore, these authors argue that an electric car can travel nearly double the kilometers that one of gasolina.1
Types
Electric-hybrid vehicles petroleum
When the term "hybrid vehicle" is used, these include such vehicles as Saturn Vue, Toyota Prius, Toyota Yaris, Toyota Camry Hybrid, Ford Escape Hybrid, Toyota Highlander Hybrid, Honda Insight, Honda Civic Hybrid, Lexus RX 400h and 450h and other .
A hybrid electric oil used most often an internal combustion engine or engines (generally gasoline or diesel engine, driven by a variety of fuels) and an electric battery to drive the vehicle. There are many hybrids of transmission, from completely híbridoshasta slightly hybrids, which offer different advantages and disadvantages.
Plug-in electric vehicles (PEV) are becoming more and more used .. They have more range to places where there are large differences with any service. The batteries can be connected to the electricity grid for charging while the engine is running.
Battery Electric Vehicle (BEV) users can be recharged while driving. The BEV establishes contact with an electrified rail, plate or overhead wires on the road via an attached conducting wheel or similar mechanism (see Conduit current collection). BEV batteries are recharged by the road, and then they can usually be used in other ways until the battery is discharged.This provides an advantage in principle of the road range with virtually no restrictions, provided it is where you have access to the BEV infrastructure. Since many destinations are within 100 km of a major highway, this may reduce the need for expensive battery systems. Unfortunately the private use of existing wiring is almost universally banned.The technology for this power infrastructure is old and in the outskirts of some cities, not widely distributed (see Conduit current collection, trams, railway electrification system and the third rail (power).
History
HISTORY
Since the mid 20s of last century hybrid cars were out of the spotlight for many years. It was not until the mid-60s, when humanity begins to realize the consequences of pollution and this is becoming unmanageable.
In 1966 the United States Congress recommends the use of electric cars to reduce pollution. The industry starts moving timidly. At about that time, the engineer Victor Wouk said that the future was not on the electric motor, but in the hybrid gasoline / electric, which earned him much criticism.
The first modern prototypes
In 1969 the all-powerful General Motors shows three prototype microcar, one electric, hybrid and another just another gasoline, the XP512 (top). The benefits were anecdotal, and their numbers were generally no more than technology demonstrators. In the same year they released a prototype normal car, the Opel Kadett Stir-Lec I (below).
In 1966 the United States Congress recommends the use of electric cars to reduce pollution. The industry starts moving timidly. At about that time, the engineer Victor Wouk said that the future was not on the electric motor, but in the hybrid gasoline / electric, which earned him much criticism.
The first modern prototypes
In 1969 the all-powerful General Motors shows three prototype microcar, one electric, hybrid and another just another gasoline, the XP512 (top). The benefits were anecdotal, and their numbers were generally no more than technology demonstrators. In the same year they released a prototype normal car, the Opel Kadett Stir-Lec I (below).
jueves, 20 de agosto de 2015
INTRODUCTION
English ealizare work and those based on (hybrid cars) in order to raise awareness of the great importance of hybrid cars because they will affect the environment and other people that make it, with the help of texts and images and I will keep to make it known English teacher.
in this project will be revealed the importance of hybrid cars to serve as used, that improvement bring the environment and also with the help of the master system to perform this work in order to learn a little more on this and get a good grade
in this project will be revealed the importance of hybrid cars to serve as used, that improvement bring the environment and also with the help of the master system to perform this work in order to learn a little more on this and get a good grade
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